A RESEARCH PAPER ON ACCOUNT VALUES
Accounting Perspectives in Tamil Historical Events
THANGAVELU CHINNASAMY,
PATHIVAR
SEYALMANTRAM
ctv1957@gmail.com
https://www.seyalmantram.in/
Abstract:
Historical reviews of South Indian accounting are very impressive with references to many events recorded on palm leaves. The Scripts marked by the Ancestors were in Historical Formats in the stones. These Stone scripts formats are available even at present so as to understand easily. The Inscriptions noted and accessible in the Tamil literature is easy to cultivate the followers of these regions as well as the Romans, Greek and Arab Countries people those who were in Trading activities in the Chola period. An auditor, has acted, as accountant with primitive academic approach at every stage of scientific development for humanist ethical values in Tamil Historical perspectives. ‘AINNURRUVAR’ consisted of more than Five Hundred organized in sprawling assemblies, a feature unique to Tamil Traders with the merchant corporation like East Indian Company. Prior to the establishment of the East Indian Company, Tamil kingdoms recorded, maintained, and updated a formal accounting system by collecting taxes and revenues from their territorial. The Deliberate living excellence at present knowledge of the Standards established in the Accounting Formats. The ‘Account Value’ may be termed as ‘Active Core Characteristics Operational Unitedly Numerical Transactions Visionary at Liability Updated Existence’ in Standards Accounting Schedule, as per Acrostic expression. They were used the Current Accounting Terminology with apt Tamil usages such as Coins, Cash, Currency etc., The Present Double Entry Accounting methodology needs to be balanced with our historical perspective and the scientific socio-cultural developments of accounting. It needs to be balanced with different interdisciplinary approach in the value system. This research paper examines how our understandings of the numerical values in the records of Tamilian Accounting on stones, palm leaves, paper, and now digitally, permeates the workings of the accounting system. The True and Fair Value of Accounting history of Ancient Tamil culture is also perfectly and periodically evaluated in Accordance with the Standardized in various formats available in elsewhere in the world. The Archives contain documents that testify to the use of advanced methods of calculating the cost of finished products and procedures for internal control of inventories and cash at the Established Five Hundred Enterprises Traded in the 9th-13th centuries. The Traders guild established trade networks across South India, including Tamil Nadu, and Southeast Asia.
Keywords: Stone Scripts, Ainnurruvar guild, Account Value, Acrostic.
Introduction:
The Guild System was a significant part of the social and economic history of Ancient Tamil culture, imparting various aspects of Life. Tamil merchant Guilds like Manigramam was the significant functionalities for details of account transaction record events. Tamil merchant Guilds like Manigramam was the significant operators for details of account transaction records. The foreign accounts of a galaxy of travellers had given an excellent picture into the commercial activities of our Yearlong economic history. They were involved in various trade activities and their presence is well-documented in inscriptions. The Overseas Trade when the Ainnurruvar guild was involved in overseas trade from the 6th to 14th centuries AD, sending agents to establish trading stations in foreign countries. They sometimes collaborated with other merchant guilds like the Anjuvannam and Nanadesi. Anjuvannam was a guild of foreign merchants, specifically those from West Asia, who traded in South India’s coastal regions. Nanadesi was a merchant guild that operated in South India and expanded its reach up to Sumatra. The Definition of Anjuvannam is known as a guild of foreign merchants, primarily from West Asia, including Jewish, Syrian Christian, Muslim, and Zoroastrian/Parsi traders. The Geographic Focus of these regions were primarily operated in the coastal regions of South India, including the Konkan Coast, Malabar Coast, and Coromandel Coast. the Traders engaged in Indian Ocean trade and traded in ports along the coast, sometimes extending as far as Southeast Asia like Java. Nanadesi is known as a merchant guild that was active in South India. The Geographic Reach of Their trade network extended from South India to Sumatra. The Pictorial representation of the year wise recorded is furnished in this Article.
Tamil Merchant Guilds
Tamil Merchant Guilds were organized to facilitate trade, protect merchant interests, and maintain trade standards. They often operated in specific geographical areas, like coastal regions and along major trade routes. Trade plays a significant and permanent role in economic history. (1) The overseas commerce which flourished under the cholas was continued by cholas. The Potential transactions were maintained in the records of trade agreements, including prices, quantities and payment terms. The detailed transaction are rare inscriptions suggest that coins, precious metals and good themselves were used as payment. The Taxation and Tolls were dealt and imposed by local rulers and authorities. The Government sector levy the Taxes on mainly the utilities of Land, Industrial area, commercial activities. A Tax was levied on the grains sold. Interest on a measure to some extent for measuring to sell 48 types of Grains, one quantity of a kind was levied for interest Tubularity/வட்டி/ நாழி.
Manigramam Village – 5 KM from Poompuhar
Tamil Nadu Archaeological Evidence Picture
A custodians Cash/வேலிக்காசு was collected for safeguarding the crops maintenance and for guarding the grains. It was involved and by collecting from these areas in different types of Taxes as used at present in International Accounting Standards.
In those days, the taxes were levied different names based on the occasion. We were having organized trading activities usage like excise/ஆயம், debt/இறை, duty/கடமை, poll-tax/ கறை, Oblation/காணிக்கை, custom/தீர்வை, revenue/வருவாய், lease/பாட்டம், Ornaments/பூட்சி, wealth/செல்வம், Donation/மகமை. They were collected different taxes in the name of Stamp Tax/அச்சுவரி, Dried Palmyra Fruit Tax/அட்டுக்கிறை, Stalls Tax/அடிகாசு, Gift Tax/அட்டிப்பேறு, Weighment Tax/எடைவரி etc.,
A Pictorial representation of Land with the Historical Evidence of Tamil Ancient inhabitants of Land and Occupational – Civilization Pictures.
Sangam Literature with 5 Types of Land pic
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University former Vice-chancellor K P Aravanan said, “Using Sangam literary works as a reference point, Tholkappiar points a way of life where premarital love is natural. Knowledge related to language and literature was commonplace. Potters, weavers and salesmen would recite literary texts.” K.P. Aravanan gives an account of Oongies of the Andaman Islands; the Author brings to light the information of Sangam Literature that Greek philosopher Ptolemy in the 3rd century and Venetian Traveller MarcoPolo in the 13th century refer to these tribal People of Andaman. Dating of Underwater structures refers to several accounts of the of the sculptures of the Europeans about the submergence of materials of Trading activities of Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram. The theory of merchant guilds, particularly explored by Roberta (likely referring to Roberta Dossi), posits that these institutions emerged as a mechanism to foster cooperation between merchants and rulers by leveraging the complementarity of their abilities to enforce trade monopolies and utilize their social capital. The theory challenges existing models by focusing on local merchant guilds and their relationship with rulers, providing a more nuanced understanding of their behavior and internal organization. The theory of merchant guilds (2), particularly the work of Roberta Dossi and Sheilagh Ogilvie, offers a more nuanced and empirically grounded explanation of their emergence, functioning, and decline, highlighting the complexities of their relationship with rulers and their role in medieval European society.
Tholkappium in Accounting Perspectives:
As Quote in the European Economic Review (2), The Theory of Merchant Guilds is the Evidence for explaining in detail with the emergence of practice of Merchant Guilds as an efficient mechanism to foster between Merchants and Rulers. In such a way, the Role of the Merchant Guilds are organized in the form of Social Capital and its importance for taxation, welfare, and their Government in Tamil historical perspective events. It is based on the oral form as well as to create Textual Statements of Rules framed for Alphabets, Words and Poruladikaram/Economic Theory Book. Written in three volumes, Tholkappiyam employs love as its most important theme and captures scenes from life in the Sangam age. The Tamilakam Dynasties like Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas accounting practices ruled over centuries were systematically governed in by them. A collective Literature scripts around 2300 to 1800 years ago is showing the emergence of a more sophisticated society with trade, agriculture, and other economic activities. These inscriptions and literary works from this period offer insights into the economic practices of the Time, including accounting practices.
Tholkappium is the basic for Alphabets, words, Economic version for Tamil People.
A photograph scripts in Sangam (Collective) Literature copies of the poetries and prose that defines in the classical period of Tamilagam.
In ancient Tamil accounting, Accounting and Record Keeping were in the Barter system, a significant part of the economy involved the exchange of goods and services without cash transactions. There was no Literary evidence for Cash transactions. The detailed transaction was involved in the barter system for the transactions existed, particularly for valuable goods. Sangam literature provides insights into the nature of trade and the types of goods exchanged. The inscriptions, like those found by the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology, offer valuable information about the socio-economic aspects of ancient Tamil history for both exports and imports were significant and some of these were well-documented in the Poetics. The practice was involved a variety of goods, including luxury items and agricultural products, traded through various means, including barter and cash transactions. Exports from the Tamil country included pepper, pearls, ivory, textiles, and gold ornaments, while imports primarily consisted of luxury goods like glass, coral, wine, and topaz. The Use of commodities were organized and exchanged directly such as shells with Grains emerged in various Civilization, way back in 3,000 to 2000 years ago.
Accounting History – Acrostic Speech from Tamil Literature:
Language is the Expressions of Verbal Signs. Recording and reconnecting the account particulars are of at different strategies in a given direction. It is in practical approach in virtual reality indifferent interdisciplinary in knowledgeable actions. The deliberate living excellence present with the yearlong approach is the actual meaning of Accounts Learning. The action of counting becomes Accounting in Acrostic way. Millions of years Humanities must live and also to find and to utilise the common sharable resources with the standard of living for thousands of years. The old Literature of Sangam Literature gives funds of information regarding the maritime trade of early Tamil Living standards. The New archaeological discoveries at Pattinam and Arikamedu is shown the Maritime Trade through the Indian Ocean. The value of numbers in rating in number was used in nearly about 1325 years ago. But in Literary sense in these areas were counted with stones as well as in walls in order to remember further more. With the sign of sounds and in different gestures it was noted in their facial signs. The Acrostic Speech we may express in ‘Accounting’ as ‘Accurate Core Concept of Universality Numbering Transactions in Numerous Graded’ Systematic Collection of Taxes and other Revenues. (3)
The Chola dynasty primarily used Gold Coins with the Name of Kasu. These ‘kasu’/காசு with the sound becomes Cash in used in the same sound with the Greek and Latin term, during trading. It denotes later in the International Economy of the Chola Period. The Tamil medical Manuscript has been recognized by UNESCO as part of the “Memory of the World” register with Palm Leaf Manuscript. The digitisation of palm leaf manuscripts at the Oriental Research Institute (ORI) in the city is nearing completion in a project that spanned a little over two years. (4) The official name of the library is in honour of the great royal Maratha patron. The library in particular includes the collection of Palm leaf manuscripts and paper written in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Marathi and English. The collection comprises well over 60,000 volumes. The library has published rare manuscripts from the collection and preserved all volumes on microfilm. The library (5) has computerized. Furthermore, the history of the manuscript collections dates from the King’s College, now Columbia University in 1754 which holds materials related to both the first and third presidents of the University, Samuel Johnson and his son. So, the University acquired significant materials through gifts from Stephen Whitney Phoenix, Richard J. H. Gutheil, Brander Matthews, Robert H. Montgomery, David Eugene Smith, and George Plimpton. These gifts included medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, materials relating to the history of accountancy, education, and mathematics, and the Dramatic Museum collections.
Terracotta Ring Wall at Poompuhar also known as Kaveripattinam
Dating of underwater structures: Ramaswami refers to several accounts of the Europeans about the submergence of the city and the tradition that ‘a large city and 5 magnificent pagodas have been swallowed up at this place by the sea’. Rabe5, Chambers6, Graham Hancock7, Mohan and Rajamanickam8 believe that out of seven temples carved out of granite during the 8th century AD only one has survived and the rest have submerged. However, based on the fact that the rock art sculpture was encouraged by the Pallavas at this place, most of the temples were made during that period and therefore dated as 1500 -1200 years BP Subsequent to the 2004 Tsunami, ASI had conducted excavations at two locations at Mahabalipuram.
Poompuhar also known as Kaveripattinam is believed to be the port capital of the Early Cholas, located at the point where the river Kaveri joins the Bay of Bengal. Sangam period texts such as Cilappatikaram, Pattinapalai and later ones including Manimekalai, Ahananaru vividly describes about the port city. Land excavations at Poompuhar brought to light two brick structures, described as Wharves10,11 possibly on ancient channel of the river Kaveri. Coastal archaeological explorations revealed a brick structure of eleven courses having 1.2 m width, 1.2 m height and 4 m length parallel to the coast and terracotta ring well with three courses of 25 cm height, 4 cm thickness of rim with a diameter of 75 cm were exposed in the inter tidal zone at Poompuhar Four brick structures of 25 m in length, 3.4 m in width aligned in a line were noticed at 1 m water depth off present Cauvery temple. Geophysical surveys revealed several isolated objects as rock boulders at a depth of 7-8 m and 11-13 m between Tranquebar and Nayakankuppam12-14.
The Dating of underwater structures as pointed out by Ramaswami refers to several accounts of the Europeans about the submergence of the city and the tradition that ‘a large city and 5 magnificent pagodas have been swallowed up at this place by the sea’. Rabe5, Chambers6, Graham Hancock7, Mohan and Rajamanickam8 believe that out of seven temples carved out of granite during the 8th century AD only one has survived and the rest have submerged. However, based on the fact that the rock art sculpture was encouraged by the Pallavas at this place, most of the temples were made during that period and therefore dated as 1500 -1200 years BP Subsequent to the 2004 Tsunami, ASI had conducted excavations at two locations at Mahabalipuram.
Hiuen Tsan Texts of South Indian Traditional Account:
The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang and His travelogue, named “Si-Yu-Ki”, the Record of the Western Regions, provides a detailed account of Indian society, culture, and politics, which could be useful for understanding the broader socio-economic context of Tamil accounting practices. Though the Potential of Si-Yu-Ki Relevance to Accounting of Hiuen Tsang does not explicitly discuss accounting practices, his observations on trade, taxation, and the organization of various institutions could offer insights into the economic activities that might have required or influenced accounting systems.
Hiuen Tsang’s travelogue is a valuable source for understanding ancient Indian history and culture. His detailed observations about various regions could potentially shed light on accounting practices and economic activities in the Tamil country. His writings may offer insights into trade routes, taxation systems, and financial practices prevalent during the period. Further research is needed to explore the specific details and limitations of Hiuen Tsang’s references to accounting practices in Tamil Nadu. (6)
The East India Company’s accounting practices in Tamil Nadu, like elsewhere in India, evolved significantly over time, from simple records of trade to complex systems of revenue collection and governance. Initially, they focused on trade, with merchants maintaining records of goods, sales, and profits. As their influence grew, they adopted more sophisticated systems, including revenue collection through land settlements and the establishment of treasuries. Tirumalai Nayaka (1623–1659) was initially not friendly to the Dutch, nor permitted them in his territories, whilst his vessels would also not be permitted to visit Dutch port. But the Nayaka’s friendship and support meant little for the Portuguese who were at the end of their resources, and whose ‘trade with the South was now reduced to being carried on in rowing vessels, which could more easily escape the enemy’s ships’. In the course of a few years, Tirumalai Nayaka realised that without the aid of the Dutch company, it was not possible to develop the maritime trade of his country. He saw what was happening in other parts of Southern India where the rulers of Golconda and Karnataka, of Gingie, Malabar and Ceylon were offering attractive terms to the Dutch and encouraged their settlements and trade in the countries under their rule.40.
Picture of South Indian Ports:
Maritime record for interdisciplinary approach to Poompuhar, Parikulam areas:
Poompuhar, an ancient port city in Tamil Nadu, offers valuable insights for research due to its rich history, potential for interdisciplinary studies, and implications for understanding ancient trade, culture, and maritime technology. Specifically, its submerged remaining of its location, particularly the harbour structure, provide unique opportunities for archaeology, oceanography, and historical research. In the excavations carried out in the Parikulam area, a workshop for preparing stone tools was discovered. These are said to be two lakh years old. Horse teeth have been found in the Parikulam excavations. This is noteworthy. The horse should be considered one of the animals that lived here. Parikulam is located about 10 km southwest of Poondi in Tiruvallur district. The Laterite Gravel Deposit in the southern part of the site dates back to the Pleistocene period, which was about 500,000 years ago. Four types of formations are found here. They are – Detrital Laterite Deposit, Laterite Mixed with Pebble, Laterite Mixed with Boulders, and Sriperumbudur or Avadi Shale. All these four formations were clearly visible in the soil.
Coordinate the Event – Past Coast during from 20,000 years to 7,000 years – sea erosions How Cauvery River Submerged to be valuable A BathyMetric Survey Taken from 20,000 years up to 7,000 years ago is shown how the have been eroded the value of accounting particulars in the sea erosion is to be valued at present in order to coordinate the event of Book Keeping Accounts, so as to ascertain with the Balance sheet equation. It is imperative on the part of the accounting system to be the subject matter of Book Keeping in relevance to submerged cities in the sea erosion areas at present circumstance to mitigate the cost of social capital perspectives.
Accounting of the Impact of Sea Erosion:
A periodical assessment is to be made on sea erosion areas is to be valued in accordance with Cadastral value for assigning to the property of Public Administration, typically for Taxation purposes, as quoted in IOP conference series 2021. (7)
Therefore, as part of the calculation of cadastral value of land area, in the process of determining the composition of pricing factors in the calculation, in addition to the most significant factors identified, it is proposed to take into account factors that have a special impact on the cadastral value of lands covered in correct reliable results.
Need for Early Accounting to be Valued:
A Review on New Accounting History and Empirical Research: This accounting research review examines many of the linked topics include corporate history, internal accounting, specialized international accounting history (8)
It is imperative on the part of the educational values to accept and account for the value of submerged cities, particularly those submerged due to rising sea levels or flooding. It involves a multi-faceted approach that considers both the historical and economic aspects of these lost settlements. Submerged cities can preserve intact structures, artifacts, and other evidence of past civilizations, offering insights into urban planning, social structures, and daily life. Coordinate the Event – Past Coast during from 20,000 years to 7,000 years – sea erosions How Cauvery River Submerged to be valuable Picture The potential for uncovering these resources justifies their valuation through archaeological research, mapping, and preservation efforts. Submerged cities are often deeply connected to the cultural heritage and local identity of communities that were once part of them. The loss of these sites can have a profound impact on the sense of place, history, and cultural identity of these communities. Valuing these cities also involves acknowledging and respecting the cultural significance they hold for local populations. It is necessary to get the loss of natural habitats and ecosystems, the need for remediation efforts, and the potential for long-term environmental damage should also be considered when assessing the costs associated with submergence. The displacement of residents, the loss of cultural heritage, and the potential for increased social unrest can also contribute to the overall social costs of submergence. (9)
Conclusion: In conclusion, accounting for the value of submerged cities requires a holistic approach that considers the potential for archaeological discoveries, economic benefits, cultural significance, and environmental implications. By acknowledging and respecting the historical and cultural importance of these sites, we can better understand the impact of submergence and plan for sustainable development in these areas, so as to understand and account the social costs like Poompuhar city. The Trading Phases should focus on early Accounting Practices, primarily on recording trade transactions, including the exchange of goods, profits, and losses. The Methods of enumeration as employed in the basic accounting methods like double-entry bookkeeping, journals, ledgers, and balance sheets should be Valued. The present limited audits share ascertains to have limited independent audits, and some financial statements were delayed or incomplete, raising concerns about their validity. The Submerged cities should have adequate records of trade ships, including finances, weather, and life at sea, provide insights into early accounting practices. A separate Voyages share of each trip of voyage was initially financed and accounted for separately, later transitioning to a single joint stock. Accounting of the impact of Buried Cities like Poompuhar in Tamil Nadu should be taken into account with scientific socio-cultural improvements along with Tectonics Plate Motion. During the Colonial period, the British East Indian was introduced with the Accounting Methods. As of now largely plastic and digital currency is to be involved in elaborative manner
References 1. 2016 JETIR June 2016, Volume 3, Issue 6 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Titled OVER SEA TRADE RELATIONS OF THE LATER PANDYAS – in June 2016 Dr. S. KalaiArasu., M.A., M.Phil., B.L., Ph.D. Associate Professor of History., Arignar Anna College., Aralvaymozhi.629301 Kanyakumari District
2. Theory of Merchant Guilds – As Quoted in the European Economic Review, Volume 83, April 2016 in page no 90-110 for the title Merchant Guilds, taxation and social capital, Authored by Roberta Dessi, Toulouse School of Economics and Salvotore Piccolo, Catholic University of Milan Italy.
3. ACCOUNTING HISTORY – ACROSTIC SPEECH – From Tamil Literature.in You Tube a. Video https://youtu.be/dLLlA1Ac51A?feature=sharedb.& Audio https://www.seyalmantram.in/spotify/accounting-history-acrostic-speech-from-tamil-literature/4488/ – Accounting Perspectives Accounting Perspectives in Accordance with ‘Accounts’ TermsVideo : https://youtu.be/HnBZ7b_EJ48?feature=shared
4. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Services Vol. 43(7) July 2014 pp 1167-1176 Author Sundaresh with Three Authors CSIR National Institute of Oceanography
5. The Journal of Indian Art History Congress ISSN: 0975-7945 Volume-26, No.2(XIX): 2020-2021 79 MAHAL LIBRARY AT TANJORE – A CASE STUDY ON MANUSCRIPTS 1.S. Santhi, 2.R. Radha, 3. T. Balasubramanian, 4.G. Paranthaman, 5.AR. Saravanakumar 123 -Teaching Assistant, 4-Assistant Professor, 5. Head i/c, Department of History, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India
6. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(7), July 2014, pp. 1167-1176. Shoreline changes along Tamil Nadu coast: A study based on archaeological and coastal dynamics perspective Sundaresh*, R. Mani Murali, Jaya Kumar Seelam & A.S. Gaur CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, *[Email: sundares@nio.org] Received 11 October 2013; revised 14 November 2013
7. Accounting Impact of Sea erosion to be valued in accordance with cadastral value – A Paper on IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science- Article Submitted by S A Galchenko et al 2021 Dept of Land use, Kazakova, Moscow, 105064 Russia.,
8. A Review on New Accounting History and Empirical Research: 1. Sake Karunakar, – Harshitha. 2. T. N, Ramachandran, Corresponding Author Email: saikarunakar.666@gmail.com
9 . Richard Mattessich: Foundational Research Accounting: Spanish Journal Accounting Research June 2015 page 35 Line ‘In every field of endeavour, a Need to Coordinate new developments of related areas with the subject matter of investigation.,., the ability to integrate diverse factors into something new, thus forming the foundation for future research.