Why GIS Account is to be evaluated in Cadastral Value to Land and Sea?
The Geological information is indeed relevant to calculate Cadastral (Tax) Value, both for land and sea areas in realties. The Land, ‘Local Area National Data’ may be evaluated with the meaning of Acrostic Words. Sea-Erosion in the Coastal Areas, we may enumerate 100 years, as the basis for index measurement. The Satellite Remote Sensing enumeration can do and view in for Educational Sociological Accounting Perspectives. For land, geological data like soil type, mineral deposits, and geological stability directly impact its value, affecting its suitability for agriculture, construction, and resource extraction. General Earth Observatory (Geo) on Associated Core Characteristics of Universal Numerical (Account)Trend Information is almost the Finding Actual Cadastral Natural Directives Principles is required at present in order to update the Humanities.
For the sea, geological information is crucial for understanding seabed conditions, identifying potential offshore resources, and assessing risks associated with marine construction and infrastructure. The Quality type of Soil, i.e., ‘Sources of Information Land’ are vital for agriculture, construction, and land use in planning. Fertile i.e., ‘Farming Engaged Resources till in Land Energy’, soil increases land ‘Value’, i.e., Visionary Acquisition Level Utility Entry’, to calculate the poor drainage and high salinity with contamination can decrease in its Environment Account concept. The Environment Account should focus Sea-erosion along with Continental Plate movement through Satellite Remote Sensing enumerative method. The presence of Mineral resources at the site in which it is located should be valuable in accordance with the Cadastral depletion method in Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). The Sharing of GIS survey should be Valued and Focused in Accordance with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System). The Cadastral Survey system is the predominant factor for understanding and value the discipline of land surveying that deals with the geometrical definition of the boundary property. It’s legal assignment and/or registration of landowner, the periodical assessment should be based on earth surface movement and to manage with the Basis of Territorial law. The Geological Stability Information is the predominant factor, based on which the earthquakes, landslides, and other geological hazards influences the suitability of land for development and construction, impacting its value. The presence of Groundwater Resources and the accessibility of groundwater is the most beneficial for our requirement, particularly for agriculture and drinking water supply. Its usefulness at the same time is affecting the land structure along with the Historical perspectives. Seabed Geology is a fundamental component of our knowledge sequence.
Updating our knowledge of the ocean floor and its composition, stability, and potential for resources is also important for offshore oil and gas exploration, wind farm development, and other offshore activities. CORS surveys with GNSS have been used for a variety of different surveying applications. Surveyors, GIS users, engineers, scientists, and the public at large that collect GNSS data can use CORS data to improve the precision of their positions. CORS enhanced post-processed coordinates approach a few centimeters relative to the Reference System, both horizontally and vertically. A network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) that provide Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data consisting of carrier phase and code range measurements in support of three-dimensional positioning, meteorology, space weather, and geophysical applications. Its use for cadastral work is becoming commonplace. A case study was conducted to investigate the use of the CORS technique for boundary surveys. Information about earthquakes, landslides, and other geological hazards influences the suitability of land for development and construction, may cause the impacting of its value. The presence and accessibility of groundwater can affect land value, particularly for agriculture and drinking water supply. Understanding the seabed’s composition, stability, and potential for resources is crucial for offshore oil and gas exploration, wind farm development, and other marine activities. Geological information on coastal erosion, sea-level rise, and tsunami risk is essential for coastal development and infrastructure planning. The seabed may contain valuable resources such as sand and gravel that can be extracted for construction purposes, and the availability of these resources may increase the value of the seabed. Understanding the marine ecosystems and its location is a key factor in marine ecosystems such as coral reefs. This is important for assessing the ecological value of the marine environment and its potential impact on coastal development. Cadastral valuation is the process of determining the value of land and property for taxation, land management, and other legal purposes. Geographical information is essential in evaluating materials processing. Land needs to be assessed accordingly. It provides resources based on geographic data. The Account particulars of various resource potential can help to have values with catastrophic effects due to natural calamities. The presence of valuable resources, both on land and in the sea, is factored into the cadastral value, reflecting its potential economic benefit. In conclusion, geological information is an essential component of cadastral valuation, providing critical insights into the suitability, stability, and resource potential of land and sea areas. This information is crucial for making informed decisions about land use, development, and resource management, ultimately influencing the economic value of these areas.
Keywords: Cadastral, Satellite, Acrostic, Global
Introduction:
A Geographical Information System (GIS) approach to study marine erosion in Poompuhar uses remote sensing data along with satellite imagery. Its geological techniques will map historical shoreline changes, identify areas of erosion and accretion, and integrate this with geological data. It shows evidence of sedimentary cores, paleo-tsunami events and coastal erosion of the land, along with ephemeral processes. GIS software is used to identify and quantify erosion and accretion patterns for analysis of satellite imagery, overlay topographic maps, and multi-beam echo sounder (MBES) data. The multi-beam echo sounders are widely used for hydrographic surveys, seafloor mapping, and underwater object detection. Geospatial data can incorporate data on geological features such as coastal processes and coastlines affected by geological factors.
Sedimentary and microbiological data Sedimentary cores in the Poompuhar area are analyzed to understand past environmental conditions including coastal subsidence and paleo-tsunami events. Archaeological data and information systems can understand further more meaningful impact of the past shoreline changes and erosion on historical settlements such as the submerged city of Poompuhar.
Coastal Subsidence: Archaeological evidence Studies have found evidence of coastal zone change, intertidal zonation of structures and ceramics, and the presence of shallow seas. We can understand the ecological tipping point between sea level water quality and ecosystem services and property values. The Geological information about the ocean water and the quality in the marine environments, cadastral systems are evolving to incorporate 3D representations of space and rights, including those related to the seabed, water column, and surface. Areas with high rates of erosion or prone to flooding due to sea-level rise might have lower cadastral values, as these factors increase risk and reduce the desirability of properties.
Cadastral assessment of land is an important element of land management, therefore, the reliability and quality of its results is important both for the development of a scientifically based assessment framework and in practical activities in the field of land management in urbanized areas for its sustainable functioning. Information about the ecological state of the lands of settlements should form the basis for the creation of a system of performance indicators for the subsequent adjustment of the cadastral value of urban lands on the basis of taking into account ecological indicators. The system of diagnostic indicators includes the most important characteristics of the quality of urban lands, reflecting to a large extent the state of urban soils: natural and climatic, engineering and geological, chemical, bio indicational, the level of sealing and greening of urban areas. When carrying out a cadastral assessment of the lands of settlements, it is advisable to determine the share of the contribution of each indicator, which makes it possible to increase / decrease the cadastral value of land plots. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of cadastral valuation of land on the development of municipal territories, identify problems related to cadastral valuation, and propose tax optimization in order to stimulate socio-economic development. The precise cadastral valuation promotes the creation of a true picture of real market property values and leads to the improvement of the investment environment and stimulation of the outlays. Incorrect cadastral valuation or ineffective using results of cadastral valuation could reduce the investment attractiveness and give rise to a growth rate re¬duction of local economies and a decline of the social and economic situation. (Byrda, 2025). Cadastral valuation is conducted by methods verging its predictions to market values as close as possible. The market value of an object can vary significantly over time. Due to this reason, the cadastral value of an object should be regularly updated through mass cadastral valuation of real estate. The result of such mass valuation is the model based on market data which predicts the price of the arbitrary object.
2. Geological Hazards: Geological hazards are influenced by internal Earth processes like tectonic plate movement and external factors such as heavy rainfall, climate change, deforestation, and human engineering activities, which can trigger events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis. Geographic location, urbanisation, and development levels also play a role, making some areas more vulnerable than others.
The Internal Influences are Summarised as below:
Tectonic Plate Movement moves the Yearlong process of the shifting of tectonic plates builds up stress in the Earth’s crust, leading to faulting and subsequent earthquakes. Earth Plate motion is the movement of the Earth’s throughout the Yearlong process of small changes that occur regularly. This creates pressure on the Earth’s crust and leads to subsequent earthquakes. The Volcanic Activity are the movement of magma beneath the Earth’s surface causes volcanic eruptions.
The External Influences Precipitation and Climate Change are in heavy rainfall can trigger landslides and debris flows. Climate change can exacerbate this through increased frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall, drought, permafrost degradation, and sea level rise, which leads to soil erosion. The Human Engineering Activities are in sequence of the Construction projects like roads and houses, as well as slope drilling.
It can alter the geological environment, change stress conditions, and create unstable conditions that lead to landslides and debris flows. Groundwater accessibility refers to the availability of usable groundwater resources, which is influenced by factors such as water table depth, geological formations, and climate. Although groundwater is an important resource for drinking water, agriculture and industry globally and in India, factors such as increasing demand, climate change and uneven geographical distribution may limit its access. Modern technologies like deep learning models and Internet of Things (IoT) are being used to map and manage groundwater resources, especially in arid regions like rural and urban India.
The Water Table Depth at which groundwater can be found is a primary determinant of accessibility. A shallow water table is easier and more cost-effective to access. The watershed situation, which is the permeability of geological formations that store and portability of water, is critical to access capacity. With climate and reviving historical evidence Precipitation, temperature, and other climatic conditions affect the rate at which groundwater recharges to the maximum level. The physical characteristics of the land and underlying rock formations affect how water is distributed and how easily it can be extracted. Even if water is present, its suitability for drinking, irrigation, or industrial use is a key aspect of accessibility. The financial resources, infrastructure, and regulatory framework are needed to access and transport groundwater also play main role in these aspects. Groundwater is a vital freshwater source, supporting at least half of the world’s population for drinking water and a significant portion for irrigation and industry. Groundwater meets approximately 80% of rural water demands and 50% of urban demands in India. However, declining groundwater levels due to increasing population and intensive use are a major concern. Selection of monitoring and management are being Processed within technical solutions. These can be shown in details of the available Deep Learning Ground Water Classification Models (DL-GWCM) and Internet of Things (IoT). These are being employed to map groundwater availability and monitor levels more effectively. Government initiatives are implemented with plans and strategies for sustainability to conserve water resources and improve groundwater management.
4. Agriculture: Geological information is vital for agriculture as it informs soil health, nutrient management, and land use planning through agroecology and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Soil composition, topography, and water resources are key geological factors that affect crop suitability, yield, and overall farm sustainability. Technologies like remote sensing, GPS, and drones integrate geological data with other spatial information to enable precision agriculture, allowing for targeted interventions and optimized resource allocation for increased productivity and environmental stewardship.
Analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of soil, such as pH and nutrient content, helps farmers to select appropriate crops and manage fertilizers effectively. Understanding the land’s contours, slopes, and field orientations is crucial for proper land use, irrigation design, and managing water flow. Geological data helps in investigating water quality and managing hydrogeological conditions that impact irrigation and crop water needs. A powerful tool, like Geological Information System, is helpful for integrating and analyzing spatial data, including soil types, topography, and field conditions and also to provide farmers with actionable insights. Global Positioning System enables precise data collection for mapping and monitoring, guiding site-specific actions like variable rate fertilizer application. The Targeted Nutrient Management is adjusting fertilizer application based on detailed soil analysis and spatial variations to minimize waste and environmental impact. Optimized Irrigation Pinpoints the areas within fields that require more or less water, leading to efficient water use and improved crop health. By using aerial or satellite data to detect early signs of pest infestations or disease outbreaks, allowing for timely and targeted interventions. The Crop Suitability determine the position in which the crops are best suited for specific geological and topographical conditions to maximize productivity.
CORS: A Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network is a network of RTK base stations that broadcast corrections, usually over an Internet connection. Real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) is the application of surveying to correct for common errors in current satellite navigation (GNSS) systems. CORS reference network works by collecting and processing GPS data from a network of high-precision GPS receivers and antennas. GIS in TIN Methodologies: A Geographic Information System (GIS) in Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN), representing the measurement of terrain with surfaces in a triangulation-based format, improves spatial analysis and modeling.
This method, particularly using Delaunay triangulation, helps in accurately representing complex landscapes, aiding applications like infrastructure design, telecommunications, and even video game development. TINs are a fundamental component in Creating Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), which are crucial for various GIS applications.
Stephanie Croft, a (GIS practitioner, certified by Massey University, New Zealand) brings over a record of multidisciplinary expertise across information science disciplines spanning geographical information system, Open-Source Intelligence (OSI), Earth Science, and design visualization. 3.
How the Geographic Information System Coordinates and Chronological Order of Cadastral Value to Land From Sea?
A Geographic Information System (GIS) links cadastral data—which includes property boundaries, ownership, and valuation—to specific locations using geographic coordinates, while the “chronological order of cadastral value” tracks how these values change over time through regular updates and analysis within the GIS. For land from the sea, a GIS integrates coordinates of the tidal datum and cadastral maps to define boundaries and value, tracking changes due to land reclamation or coastal erosion over the period.
Understanding GIS and Cadastral Maps: GIS (Geographic Information System) is a digital tool that captures, stores, analyzes, and visualizes spatial or geographic data. When applied to land management, GIS provides detailed insights into land boundaries, topography, land use, ownership, and more. It’s an essential component in land asset management software and land management system software, allowing stakeholders to make data-driven decisions.
Cadastral Maps:
The first step involves converting physical cadastral maps into digital formats using GIS tools. High-resolution satellite imagery and drone surveys are often used to enhance the accuracy of the maps. This step ensures all land records are safely stored in digital land management systems, eliminating reliance on outdated paper maps.
Layering Geographic Data
Once cadastral data is digitized, GIS software overlays multiple layers of geographic data, such as land elevation, infrastructure, vegetation cover, and water bodies. This helps stakeholders visualize the land in context and differentiate plots with ease.
Verification with Ground Control Points (GCPs)
For precise identification, GIS tools use Ground Control Points (GCPs) —coordinates verified on the ground—to align digital maps accurately with real-world locations. This is particularly helpful in land acquisition software where on-ground verification is a legal necessity.
Plot Identification Using Coordinates
Using latitude and longitude or other spatial data, users can zoom into the exact plot of land in question. GIS platforms highlight the plot’s boundary, size, and attributes, helping users match it against legal cadastral data. This process ensures you’re identifying the correct plot of land, minimizing errors in land transactions.
Verify Land Boundaries & Ownership
Compare the GIS-generated parcel with official cadastral maps. Ensure land dimensions match with survey records. This will help in checking discrepancies or overlapping claims.
The Observation made by earlier works and the citations made in earlier works and further studies assigned an age of 11,000 years to the then Port City of Poompuhar. The Data of General Bathymetry Chart of the Ocean(GEBCO) was analysed and Digital Elevation Models was generated in the near shore of Topography. The Analysis of the Post-glacial curve Showed that the Sea level has risen from a depth of 125m below the Present Mean Sea Level (PMSL) in between the Last Glacial Maxima (LGM) 20,000 years BP (Below Present).
The Curve of Last Glacial Maxima to Present Mean Sea Level of Six Different period were filtered out from 20,000, 15,000, 11,000, 9000, 8,000 and 7,000 years to the Values at 125, 110, 50, 25, 18, 5 m below respectively.
As described in the studies dating back 15,000 years ago, coastal areas of landmasses can be seen submerged by the movement of Earth’s plates.
These studies should be measured further more for accuracy with the Cadastral Value of Day today measurement.
Reference:
Centre for Remote Sensing
Bharathidasan University
SM Ramasamy smrsamy@gmail.com
TIRUCHIRAPALLI
